How much triphosphate will I receive if I send you 10 mg of a modified nucleoside?

That depends on the modification, but in general, we obtain a 20-40% isolated yield of triphosphate >90% pure (and often >95%) if the nucleoside is clean and behaves normally. That translates very roughly into 10-15 μmoles of nucleotide. The yield can be much lower or higher in any individual case.